هام جدا لكل متقدم او يفكر بالتقدم فى Icdl

هام جدا لكل متقدم او يفكر بالتقدم فى Icdl

فى الفتره الاخيره ومع التقدمات العلميه فى مجال الحاسبات ظهرة شهاده معتمده من اليونسكو وهى رخضة قيادة الحاسب الدوليه او ICDL International Computer Driving Licence
عندما تذهب لتتقدم تشترى 7 كتب لكى تذكر منهم كتاب او (مديول) لكل ماده وهم كالاتى:
1. IT معلومات تكنولوجيه او Information technology
2. الويندوز WINDOWS
3. الورد WORD
4. الاكسل Spreadsheets
5. البور بوينت Presentation
6. الاكسس Database
7.الانترنت و الايميل INTERNET & MAIL
ويبداء تزكر من هذه الكتب ويتمتحن مره كل 10 او 15 يوم بحد اقصى 3 مواد
والبعض يقول ان الاسئله تاتى غير متوقعه والبعض الاخر يقول انه عندما يصل الى نهاية الكتاب (المديول) يكون نسى اوله ويطالبون نماذج امتحانات لهذا بدات فى تجميع هذا الموضوع فى رابط واحد
ملف مساحته 32MB
الملف به االكتب بالغتين العربيه والانجليزيه
وبه ايضا نماذج الامتحانات كامله
متطلبات التشغيل
1. ان يكون عنك برنامج فك ضغط WINRAR - WINZIP الخ
2. برنامج Adobe Reader وهذا لقرائة ملفات PDF وهى امتدادات الكتب
3. النسخه المكتيبه او بالتحديد WORD وهذا للامتحانات
اتمنى ان يكون الموضوع اعجبكم وانا هنا اذا يوجد لدى احد اى استفسارات

رابط التحميل
http://www.megaupload.com/?d=02URKQEI

OR
http://www.mediafire.com/download.php?rrz4kjs8rg9

Analyzing How Many Phone Lines You Need

Your decision about the number of phone lines your business needs will vary based on the specific profile of your company. Don’t be snowed into believing that you need one line for every employee. On the other hand, you shouldn’t cut corners. Here are a couple of scenarios to help you understand what you should consider in your decision:

• Tons of employees in the field: Say you run a construction company with 50 employees. Four of your employees work in the office and the rest of the crew is out on job sites. You don’t need 50 phone lines. You might purchase four lines for your in-house employees, one spare line for employees to pick up voicemail, and a line or two for your fax machines and be fine. You can noodle around with the configuration if you want. Maybe your construction company is very busy. You may need three or four lines for faxes.

• Tons of calls coming in and going out all day: You own a telemarketing company with 25 people who make calls 8 hours a day. Your employees also need to connect customers to a conference call with a verification service. You may need 35 or 40 lines just for the calls your employees make, and then 2 lines for faxes.

Remember As a basic rule, you should have one phone line for every employee who makes calls in your office — up to about 15 employees. If you have more than 15 employees, the least expensive option is to jump to a dedicated circuit that contains 24 phone lines. See the section later in this chapter, called, “Deciding whether to Get Dedicated or Stay Switched.”

Tip If your business is growing, here’s an interesting fact. You will need fewer lines per employee as you increase the number of employees in a standard office environment, not because employees will make and receive fewer calls (you can expect that they’ll probably make more calls), but because the statistical probability that everyone will be on the phone at the exact same time is pretty slim. You face a greater likelihood that one person will be hanging up and doing work as someone else picks up the phone to start another call.

To get a handle on your business’s actual call volume, you could pore over the itemized list of your phone calls to calculate the total number of calls active during peak times. Have fun — not! A more realistic exercise is to scan your phone bill and determine whether every phone number is being used. If you have several phone numbers that are not designated as inbound faxes or are lines for your security system and they have no usage, you probably have too many lines.

On the other side of the equation, if anyone (customers, employees, associates) ever complains of hearing a recording from the phone system that says that the “service is unavailable,” you probably need to open some more lines.

Remember Before you run out and buy a bunch of new phone lines, first ensure that the bottleneck in your phone system isn’t caused by another problem (maybe a card failed and you lost ten lines in your phone system because of it).

After validating your hardware, order additional lines to match the number of people affected by the shortage of lines. The Human Resources department may have hired on 20 more people you didn’t even know about. If 10 people in your office can’t get outside lines during peak times, order 12 more lines.

Deciding whether to Get Dedicated or Stay Switched

one decision in telecom that can impact your bottom line the quickest is the decision to replace some of your regular business lines from your local carrier with a single, large dedicated circuit from your long-distance carrier. This decision has such a profound impact on your phone bill because the per-minute rate for calls on a dedicated circuit may make up half the price you are currently paying for regular phone lines.

Understanding switched system costs

In order to make the comparison easy to understand, here’s a look at the standard costs you can expect to pay to set up a switched (that is regular) phone system. For the purpose of comparison, I assume that you have 24 phone lines and already have a phone system that can receive calls from a dedicated circuit and are adding one piece of hardware (either a free-standing multiplexer or a multiplexer card). To add phone lines to an existing phone system that meet these criteria, you can expect to pay the following charges:

• A monthly recurring charge of approximately $35 per phone line: This is your standard monthly invoice that comes from your local carrier for the 24 phone lines. Any additional services on the line would, of course, cost extra. For now, I assume that all the enhanced features you need are going to be taken care of by your on-site phone system. Check your local carrier’s Web site or talk to a friendly customer service rep to get exact pricing. The monthly recurring charge for the 24 phone lines is $840.

• A per-line installation fee of approximately $100 (one-time fee): Your local carrier is going to run wires to your office and drop them in your phone room, and that means you’re going to pay a charge for that work. This fee could be waived, slightly less, or considerably more, depending on your local carrier and the type of phone lines that you buy. Your budget should be about $2,400 for installation of 24 lines.

  Remember Verify the cost of installation with your local carrier before this work is done!

• Your per-minute cost multiplied by the average number of minutes you talk every month: A small business with good activity may use an average of 40,000 minutes per month, so I use that number as the baseline in this example. For the sake of simplicity, I also estimate that you are paying an average of five cents per minute for your calls. You should check your current long-distance contract or just divide the total cost by total minutes on your invoice to get your true estimate of the blended cost per minute. The minutes and the cost per minute give you an expected average of $2,000.

• PICC fee: The primary interexchange carrier charge, or PICC fee, is a government tariff that is assessed to business and residential phone lines. The charge is applied on a per-line basis and can vary from $1.25 per line for residential lines to $4.75 per line for some business lines. Every local carrier has its own rate schedule, so I can’t give you a fair sense of the standard rate. You have to research this fee on your phone bill and apply the correct amount when you calculate the cost. For the sake of this example and for ease of calculation, I am making the PICC fee a flat $2 per line per month; so if you have 24 lines, that’s an extra $48 per month.

Remember Aside from these charges, the regular taxes you pay remain a fixed percentage of your usage. You may incur some additional maintenance fees for the hardware you need to buy, but as long as you buy quality equipment, it should be negligible in the overall scheme of things.

Understanding dedicated system costs

The costs you incur to install one dedicated circuit (such as a T-1 line) to replace the 24 phone lines of a switched system consist of the following:

• Monthly cost for the dedicated circuit: In order to get those rock-bottom prices for long distance, you need to be directly connected to your long-distance carrier’s network. Your long-distance carrier probably doesn’t live next door to you, and the monthly cost of your dedicated circuit is based on how many miles of wiring needs to be used to get to you. The cost of the access varies from about $150 if you are a few miles away to possibly as much as $5,000 per month if you live far away from civilization. On the whole, a common access fee, commonly called a local loop fee, for the circuit is about $250 per month.

  Remember You need to request a quote for the cost of this connection from your long-distance carrier. Simply provide your phone number and address to your long-distance carrier.

• Installation cost for the dedicated circuit (one-time fee): The copper wires that you rent from your long-distance carrier have to be designed, assembled, and manually connected. Sounds expensive, doesn’t it? It is, and guess what! The cost is rolled up and passed on to your business in the form of an installation fee. The installation costs vary from carrier to carrier, but on average they run about $1,250 per dedicated circuit.

• Additional hardware required (one-time fee): The installation of a dedicated circuit requires you to purchase a multiplexer and a device called a channel service unit (CSU) that boosts the signal on your dedicated circuit and acts as a testing device. Chat with your hardware vendor to find a good deal on this hardware and to ensure that it’s compatible with your existing phone system. If you’re lucky, all you need to do is buy a special card for your phone system — everything else is automatically taken care of. Multiplexers range greatly in price from $5,000 to $6,000 for a Coastcom brand channel bank set up for voice calls, to a less expensive Carrier Access channel bank (you can find those on eBay for a Buy It Now price of $300). Whatever you buy, ensure that you have a hardware vendor who can install it and will service it. For this example, I assume that you got a good deal on a used multiplexer and had to pay only $1,500.

• Installation and programming of new hardware: When you buy the hardware, you still have to contract a hardware vendor to install it. As an average cost, I estimate that you’ll spend $450 to install, test, and turn on the new equipment.

  Remember Get a quote before you hire a company to do this work.

• Your dedicated rate per minute: I am giving a conservative estimate on this one by saying that you will be charged 2.5 cents per minute for out-bound calls on your dedicated circuit with the exact same call volume of 40,000 minutes per month.

Making the final cost comparison

Table 2-1 includes all the charges I’ve mentioned in the previous section, listed as either monthly charges or installation fees. For example, in the first and second columns, I show what you will pay for switched service. In the third and fourth columns, I list the monthly charges and installation fees for a dedicated circuit.

Table 2-1: Switched Versus Dedicated Comparison

Item	Switched Monthly Fees	Switched Installation Fees	Dedicated Monthly Fees	Dedicated Installation Fees
Line charges	$840	$2,400	$250	$1,250
Hardware purchase	N/A	N/A	N/A	$1,500
Hardware installation	N/A	N/A	N/A	$450
PICC line fees	$48	NA	NA	NA
Monthly usage costs (40,000 minutes)	$2,000	NA	$1,000	NA
Total Cost	$2,888	$2,400	$1,250	$3,200

After reviewing the two sides of the chart, you can see that adding a dedicated circuit costs $800 more to install than a switched system, but saves $1,638 every month in fees. In my example, the answer is simple; you can eventually recover the additional up-front cost in the very first month and still end up saving $838. The decision to move to a dedicated circuit is still a good idea even if you won’t recover your upfront costs until six months after installation. If you won’t reach a break-even point for a year or so, you may decide to stick with what you have.

Tip Dedicated circuits are available in packages of 24 phone lines called a T-1 or DS-1, but it may be financially advantageous to order a T-1 line even if you use fewer than 24 switched lines. There is generally a break-even point at about 17 phone lines where it is better to buy a T-1 line than to stick with a switched system. Of course, every business scenario is different, so you should enter all the relevant information

Negotiating the Best Telecom Deal

The one constant in the world of telecom is that everything is negotiable. If you plan to spend $100,000 in usage every month, you can probably press to get installation fees, as well as small monthly recurring charges, waived. Thousands of carriers out there want your business, so check out a handful of them to see what kind of a bidding war you can start. Here are some tips to help you on your way to finding the right telecom fit for your company.

Getting the timing right

The landscape of telecom has been getting more and more competitive, with rates dropping, so don’t get stuck in a lifetime commitment. Opt for a contract that lasts only 12 months. With that in mind, the best time to start looking at a new carrier is probably about eight months before your contract is up. That may seem like a lot of time to kill, but investigating a new carrier and determining whether it has the pricing, service, and support that you require can take a bit of time.

If you have dedicated circuits, it will take almost two months to install the replacement circuits on the new carrier. It will also take a month or two to work through the wording and negotiate the contracts. This is especially true if you are a busy company and cannot devote all the required personnel in your company to focus on this one task. The four months it takes to actually make the move to activate service is probably the same amount of time you will spend looking at new companies and weeding them down to the one that interests you.

Remember Of course, these are ballpark time frames that can vary quite a bit. The point is to allow more (not less) time. If your company is growing and has little time to meet on issues like this, it may take eight months to get everyone together who has to approve the change to meet enough to make a decision. You could also be in a remote location where dedicated circuits may take three months to install. You will have to crunch the numbers and see whether the savings are worth the effort. If you are only looking at a $200 savings per month on a $5,000 bill you can probably renegotiate that with your existing carrier. If it is a $10,000 savings on a $120,000 monthly invoice, you will probably want to pursue the new carrier.

Dealing with least cost routing over several carriers

If your company is large and can use several dedicated circuits, you can maximize your savings by adding on more long-distance carriers. The wonderful thing about long-distance carriers is the fact that they are like snow flakes; no two are exactly the same.

This rule also applies to their pricing plans. Every carrier has areas in the U.S. and internationally where calls are inexpensive and other areas where they are not so competitive. If you currently have two or three dedicated circuits and a good phone system, you can build a least cost routing (LCR) table into it that identifies which carrier has the best rate. Then route those calls by using the appropriate carrier. There are two main things to bear in mind when you are going to activate an additional carrier to use in this kind of routing:

• Make sure you will meet your commitment levels on the old carrier. Most long-distance contracts for dedicated service give you a great per-minute rate, but they require a monthly minimum usage from you. After a ramp-up period of 30 or 60 days, you have to bill out $2,000 in usage per month to get your 2.5 cents per minute rate to Texas (or wherever). If you don’t make enough calls, something bad might happen.

  Remember Carriers don’t make a habit of charging shortfalls, but shortfalls could invalidate your contract. The carrier is within its rights to assess the shortfall to your company or raise your rates. If you bring in a second carrier to save some money on your international calls as well as select areas in the U.S., you need to be sure that when that traffic is moved, you can still hit your commitment level with your primary carrier. Can you imagine telling your employees to make more calls?

• Ensure that you set up the LCR table correctly. Long-distance carriers have many different breakouts for pricing. Some may charge you a flat rate for all calls within your state, and another flat rate for all calls out of state. Regardless of where you dial, what time of day you dial, what day of the week you dial, and so on, the rate is always the same. Other carriers may break down the pricing per state, or base it upon smaller geographic regions within each state called a Local Access Transport Area (LATA), or even base it on the specific local carrier that receives your call. You want to make sure that you understand the level at which each carrier bases its rate so that you can build your LCR table accordingly.

Blocking International Calls

If you contact your carrier to have a standard international block placed on your phone lines, you must remember that the block covers only outbound calls that require the user to dial 011. International blocks don’t block calls to Canada, the Caribbean, or any other locations in the North American dialing plan. If you see calls to Trinidad or St. Kitts, please do not get upset with your carrier; it’s not your long-distance carrier’s fault that international calls are still being completed by your employees. You should program your phone system to block the area codes you don’t want contacted. If you do not have a phone system, you can always ask your carrier to assign account codes to your phone line so you can at least identify who in your office is making the calls.

Playing the international dialing trivia game

Technical Stuff The only two countries in the world with a one-digit country code are the United States (with country code 1), and Russia (with country code 7). If you call the U.S. from London, Paris, or Tokyo, you must dial the country’s international dialing prefix (which, of course, changes by country), and then 1+area code+555-5555.

Most international city codes do not begin with a 0. The exception (there’s always an exception) occurs in a few cities in Italy.

Mexico is the only country that’s been broken up by long-distance carriers into seven different pricing bands. It is now more common to rate calls to Mexico by city, cellphone, and special service. Imagine dropping a stone into a pond; each ripple is farther from the center than the one inside it. This is how Mexico was initially set up, but in reverse. The geographic areas that are easiest to reach, like Tijuana, and the border towns by Texas are Band 1. As you go farther inland, the band numbers increase, along with the cost to complete the calls.

The most expensive international calls you can make are ship-to-shore calls and shore-to-ship calls. Both types of calls are equally pricey. These calls are also commonly called Inmarsat (International Maritime Satellite Organization) calls. The rate for these calls can top $25 per minute (no, I’m not kidding) to reach a ship in the Pacific. For that price, you would expect at least a rundown of your horoscope for the week or some lucky numbers you can choose for the lotto! Or you could save your money and just take that cruise instead!

An ontology is a tool for knowledge management whenever it is used for meaning negotiation. However, a coherent perspective on ontology construction f

Roman general and supporter of the various Roman factions
in Egypt
Ahenobarbus aided Marc ANTONY in his effort to become
master of the Roman world. The son of a prominent family
that wielded much influence in the Roman Senate, he
bore the name Ahenobarbus, or “red beard,” because of
the traditional tale that a distant ancestor had his beard
turned that color by the gods Castor and Pollux. He was
also noted as the grandfather of the future emperor Nero.
Originally Ahenobarbus backed Brutus and the Liberators
who had assassinated Julius CAESAR, calling for
the continuation of the Roman Republic. Following the
defeat of the Republicans after Caesar’s assassination in
44 B.C.E., Ahenobarbus fled Rome and was forced to survive
by working as a pirate in the Mediterranean. In 40
B.C.E., he was reconciled with Marc Antony (who had
declared himself against the Liberators), serving him as
the governor of Anatolia (modern Turkey) until 35 B.C.E.
He was a consul of Rome when Marc Antony and OCTAVIAN,
the future Augustus and first emperor of Rome,
proved unable to remain political allies. Ahenobarbus
went with Antony to ALEXANDRIA, Egypt, but soon found
CLEOPATRA VII (51–30 B.C.E.), Antony’s famed lover, to be
an evil influence. He charged that she was opposed to traditional
Roman values and, when Antony declined to
heed his counsel, Ahenobarbus deserted Antony’s cause
just before the Battle of ACTIUM in 31 B.C.E. He died soon
after, supposedly of remorse, but probably from a terminal
illness. His foul temper was legendary.

A Knowledge Management Perspective on Ontology Creation

An ontology is a tool for knowledge management whenever
it is used for meaning negotiation. However, a
coherent perspective on ontology construction from
the knowledge-management point of view is not well
defined within the current literature of both artificial
intelligence and organizational studies.
The perspective defined here is focused on three
fundamental aspects of ontology creation: the widely
recognized need for tools to be used in the generation of
a shared conceptualization for corporate knowledge
management; the generally acknowledged need for methodologies
that developers of ontologies can follow in a
coherent, systematic, and easy-to-implement way; and
the economic value of ontologies as artefacts in the
practice of knowledge management.
In particular, using the structuration-theory approach
(Giddens, 1984; Orlikowski, 1992; Orlikowski & Gash,
1994), the main features of the bidirectional method
should be analyzed, and the most important consequences
generated by using a special methodology (the bidirectional
method) should be unveiled. In particular, the
method facilitates the management of some activities
such as controlling the development of knowledge repositories
in a corporate knowledge-management system,
which may include a data warehouse, a corporate Web
portal, and intranet tools for accessing distributed data.
The major value of a systematic definition of these
aspects is the opportunity for measuring the quality of
an ontology from a social and organizational point of
view. Though the aim of this investigation is not so far to
obtain metrics and evaluation methods for ontologies,
we maintain that such a result is going to be shortly
available once the methods for building ontologies have
been defined.
An important observation is that we have three different
situations for ontology development at different
levels of difficulty: development from scratch, development
as a completion of an existing ontology, and
development as a merge (or coordination or alignment)
of several ontologies. The three cases require different
methodologies, and the methodology we have deployed
in this article is valid only for the first case. The other
two cases are also interesting extensions of the perspectives
of knowledge management we consider as the
focus of the article, and they deserve deep analysis.
However, we believe that this is possible only when
using a flexible methodology for the case from scratch.

Dynamic Taxonomies: Exploration of the Knowledge Base

Dynamic taxonomies can be used to browse and explore
the knowledge base in several ways. The preferred implementation
follows. The user is initially presented with a
tree representation of the initial taxonomy for the entire
knowledge base. Each concept label also has a count of
all the items classified under it—that is, the cardinality
of items(C) for all Cs. The initial user focus F is the
universe—all the items in the knowledge base.
In the simplest case, the user can then select a
concept C in the taxonomy and zoom on it. The zoom
operation changes the current state in two ways. First,
concept C is used to refine the current user focus F,
which becomes F items(C). Items not in the focus are
discarded. Second, the tree representation of the taxonomy
is modified in order to summarize the new focus.
All and only the concepts related to F are retained, and the
count for each retained concept C’ is updated to reflect the
number of items in the focus F that are classified under C’.
The reduced taxonomy is derived from the initial taxonomy
by pruning all the concepts not related to F, and
it is a conceptual summary of the set of documents
identified by F, exactly in the same way as the original
taxonomy was a conceptual summary of the universe. In
fact, the term dynamic taxonomy is used to indicate that
the taxonomy can dynamically adapt to the subset of the
universe on which the user is focusing, whereas traditional,
static taxonomies can only describe the entire
universe.

Why is E-Learning Important in Creating a Knowledge-Dissemination System?

The developer of an e-learning system faces several
challenges in designing systems for an online learning
environment that ensures strong, effective, and secure
learner interaction that best replaces the face-to-face
interaction taking place on-site in the workplace and in
training sessions (Alavi & Leidner, 1999). In addition to
having a clear understanding of the knowledge-type
requirements, the challenge is in supporting good pedagogy
and learning practices given technical and other
constraints. Technical constraints include bandwidth,
quality of service (QoS), real-time interactions, support
for multiple users, and security requirements. In
parallel, instructional design that incorporates appropriate
pedagogical techniques into a rich repertoire of
learning resources is needed for creating a dynamic elearning
environment. These pedagogical techniques, if
tailored to specific knowledge types, can improve productivity
by sharing best practices within an organizational
community (Agresti, 2003; Castro, Foster, Gunn,
& Roberts, 2003; Spender, 1996). An enabling online
knowledge-dissemination environment should allow for
dynamic networked online interaction to create a noncompetitive
atmosphere that values both explicit and
tacit knowledge dissemination, and the conversion of
knowledge between these types to enable learning
(Applen, 2002).